Includes recommendations for banking in China Essay Example for Free

Remembers suggestions for banking for China Essay The bank is logically updating its administrations and is endeavoring to coordinate the accepted procedures in the financial business. This is apparent from its Factoring program for organizations. This empowers specialists to allocate receivables to Bank of China and thusly they are furnished with all offices for assortment, account of exchange, chance control and record deals the board. What's more there is simple account on creation of conveyance of products, arrangement of capital easily, insurance of credit to the dealer in spite of any money related trouble of the purchaser, in this way now and again it will be the purchaser additionally who will be profiting alongside the merchant in the event that Factoring is attempted. The Factoring administrations incorporate fare and import figuring also fare and local receipt limiting and residential full considering. Being the first and the biggest figuring administrations supplier in China’s banking part, it has fabricate broad involvement with this field and subsequently will offer guaranteed types of assistance. (Figuring, 2006). BOC has created associations with huge state held Chinese companies, for example, the oil and oil organization China National Petroleum Corporation. This will increase the value of its worldwide business and make associations for development. Security and hazard the board in Bank of China is subject to its corporate administration arrangement. This is resolved and constrained by the top managerial staff which regulates the general activity and organization. According to standard standards of banks, councils are selected to regulate different financial capacities which incorporate those for vital arranging, review, chance administration, work force and compensation and exchange controls. (Administration, 2006). The different partners in the bank incorporate separated from the state government, the investors, a top managerial staff, where the posts of Chairman and President are supposed to be independent, a board o f directors and senior administration. (Administration, 2006). The enormous quantum of non performing resources and a state control anyway doesn't quickly add to trust here. The Bank is inclined to accommodate regions which are dictated by the Central government and to that degree its strategies are not administered by the necessities of guaranteeing productivity and effectiveness. The image in China is anyway constantly changing and more prominent advancement in this circle is foreseen later on. HSBC abuses it inheritance of banking in China to impact as it has been available in the Middle Kingdom since 1865. (HSBC China, 2006). The Bank gives the clients the benefit of being a solitary financier for local just as remote financial administrations consequently giving it comfort, speed, security and confirmation. (HSBC China, 2006). HSBC apparently operates at an altogether extraordinary level. The items, administrations and procedures for the clients have been entrenched by the bank. It is presently promoting these offices to give development both in the individual and business banking divisions. Current banking as rehearsed by HSBC isn't just making offices, for example, computerized teller and money machines yet really perceiving the advantages of clients utilizing these. This leads banks as HSBC to support different blessing plans for clients who use money machines or take care of their tabs on the web. This shows administrations are not negligible comforts but rather offers which empower the bank to really expand its effectiveness. At that point there are administrations, for example, cash chiefs for the business, high premium store securities, currency showcase record and customers store account which empowers pooling of cash in a solitary record. HSBC likewise oversees benefits of managers for a business also for people. For business there are different factilities that are being given, for example, business web banking just as HSBCnet which furnishes bigger organizations with a total scope of administrations on the web, receipt account, Against the inward development standpoint of Bank of China, HSBC is looking for additional difficulties remotely as the Worlds nearby bank and is putting resources into many creating nations, for example, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia and even Iraq. (Schuman, 2006). The low infiltration of current financial frameworks benefits for instance Mastercards in China which for a 1. 3 billion populace has just 10 million card holders has guaranteed more noteworthy chance and extension for banks, for example, HSBC. While HSBC considers itself to be the Worlds neighborhood bank, the BOC needs to look for supremacy in Chinese banking by giving help with working together all around. Subsequently there is a distinction in the focal point of both the banks. This likewise underlines a basic contrast in the conditions of the Chinese financial industry versus worldwide financial aggregates as HSBC. The Chinese financial industry is still in its beginning and accordingly considers itself to be a supplier of money related administrations to its local customer base be it individual or corporate to work universally. Then again HSBC considers itself to be a bank for worldwide banking paying little heed to the nationality of its customers. The Bank of China should confront these difficulties later on in a firm way. Bank of China is entrenched locally just as internationally. It can lead supported activities as it has sufficient experience and presentation to differed political, monetary and money related systems. The worldwide direction of the bank is especially good for its continued development and extension later on. It would thus be able to give the lead to different banks in China.

Reflective Writing And Theories Of Reflection Education Essay

Intelligent Writing And Theories Of Reflection Education Essay There are a few sorts of reflection. As referenced by Taylor, All kinds of reflection are significant and a blend of these might be utilized to comprehend practice and to bring changes. Specialized Reflection is commonly used to take a gander at clinical practices and techniques alongside the logical information. In any case, values have no influence in this. Reasonable Reflection then again makes a decision about human encounters and presumptions. It likewise creates regular qualities in-accordance with authoritative qualities. Emancipatory (Critical) Reflection includes investigates of the presumptions on which our social, political and social convictions are based with the possibility of evolving them. Intelligent Practice is idea created by Donald Schon. There are likewise a few models of reflection used to coax exercises out of encounters. In 1978 Argyris and Schon built up single circle and twofold circle learning. In the previous idea the association or the individual follows the present methods or procedures considerably after redresses are made to the present mistakes. Be that as it may, the late idea includes adjustment of procedures and methodologies. Later in 1984 Schon instituted the ideas of Reflection in real life (RIA) and Reflection on Action (ROA). RIA is an idea when the professional is confronted with an issue he settles on a choice dependent on his inclination and related involvements. Then again, Reflection on Action is a thought where the expert dissects the experience after it is finished. Actually, I have encountered both the ideas during a few circumstances in life purposely or unconsciously. Uncommonly, during our ALE1, we were allowed a chance to consider o ur presentation after each undertaking. This portrayed our viable usage of Reflection on Action. By actualizing the gaining from past undertaking in the later errand we have likewise practiced the idea of Reflection in real life. To make reference to a model, in the principal task we were given a sheet of guidelines which were dubious. Be that as it may, we went to play out the undertaking without breaking down the guidelines and we neglected to complete the assignment inside the given time. After the reflection meeting, when we proceeded to play out the subsequent undertaking, we made it a point to peruse and comprehend the guidelines cautiously. Kolbs Experiential Learning Cycle is another incredible commitment to this idea. This learning cycle has four phases (Concrete Experience, Reflective, Abstract Conceptualization and Active Experimentation Observation) and the reflection happens after the circumstance has happened. In the main stage the expert focuses on something that they have done and later reflects and investigates the new plans to all the more likely play out the assignment. In the third stage he shapes new thoughts and examinations them in the fourth stage. This circle is proceeded starting with one errand then onto the next. is another procedure where the specialist portrays the circumstance as well as investigations it. Not at all like different models it likewise has an activity plan stage where the reflector makes reference to the activities that he might want to change if a similar circumstance happens. Jhons model of Reflection then again includes offering the encounters to an associate. It has two phases Looking in on ones musings and feelings and Looking Out at the circumstance experienced. Reflection on my Personal Development : At first, when we were given learning logs for our ALE, I didnt know the significance and points of interest of it except if we began composing the intelligent log after each undertaking. In the wake of discovering this is truly outstanding and simple approaches to change oneself, I have expressed utilizing the intelligent composing device each time I needed to build up the manner in which I work and think. During our ALE we have utilized a few devices to all the more likely get ourselves. During our input meeting, we were approached to utilize Johari Window to know our understudy individual connections and correspondence. In spite of the fact that I was upbeat about the descriptive words referenced in the open meeting, the descriptors referenced in the Blind Spots area were very astonishing to me. The vulnerable sides for me were unpredictable and glad. At the point when I attempted to discover the reasons from my partners for the equivalent, I was informed that however I am an amicable, work-arranged individual, I once in a while get a lot into detail in a gathering undertaking or task and its hard for them to get me. This might be on the grounds that however I am clear about the theme, I now and then think that its hard to clarify which befuddles the others. Additionally, the criticism I for the most part get from a large portion of the individuals following barely any long stretches of being with me is that I believed that you are a glad individual when I at first met you. The explanation behind this is, the point at which I meet new individuals or enter another condition, I set aside some effort to acclimate and except if I know them, I dont start a discussion with individuals. In spite of the fact that this view of them changes at a later stage, it gives a pessimistic vibe to individuals in the underlying stage. Likewise, as per Belbin Self-Perception Inventory, the group jobs I have comparability towards are completer and expert. These two jobs mirror my working style appropriately. I generally attempt to find out more and work in the branch of knowledge of my advantage. Additionally, in light of the fact that I am acceptable at breaking down and give a decent consideration to subtleties, I am constantly given the duty of doing the very late cleaning and altering in our gathering assignments. In any case, there are likewise negative sides to these group jobs which I am mindful of and are a piece of my advancement plan. As a pro however I learn inside and out about the subject of my advantage, I disregard different subjects which I am not intrigued by. Likewise, the vulnerable side complex that I have referenced before can be identified with the shortcoming of the completer. As a completer idea I attempt to get the everything about the report right, I here and there take the hairsplitting to the limits. As indicated by Honey and Mumfords Learning Styles, I am a Reflector. As a reflector I like to gain from exercises that let me think, watch and audit. Nonetheless, I find is hard to focus on a talk except if I think that its intriguing. This can be connected to my shortcoming as a Specialist. As indicated by the MBTI my character type is ISFP (Introversion, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving). This shows I am a people groups individual who is agreeable and despise clashes. In any case, I like to have my own space. The MBTI and IDAP network show me on the People Caring piece of the framework. This is small negating. In spite of the fact that I am open to working in a group, I want to chip away at my own. I think that its hard to pass on a message as I feel that repudiating with others perspectives may make issues actually. As a major aspect of the self-advancement, I might want to build up an ability to talk a message in a delicate manner and might want to figure out how to keep up an expert connection with others in group as a large portion of the work in association is group based. Additionally, might want to build up my systems administration aptitudes. Reflection on my administrative aptitudes: As indicated by Reynolds Reflection is an administration instrument for critical thinking. Likewise, the accompanying statement delineates the significance of the board in an association. Make your top administrators rich and they will make you rich. Robert H. Johnson An inquiry that numerous individuals pose is the reason we would it be advisable for us to contemplate the executives hypotheses? Individual qualities, qualities, convictions and perspectives are the center individual skills which may improve or debilitate ones capacity to oversee others. Likewise, it is the conduct and ability of the person that has significant impact on the exhibition of the organization. Subsequently, a comprehension of administrative speculations is extremely useful for somebody who tries to be a supervisor as most objective choices depend on hypotheses. A broad investigation of the speculations accessible is likewise useful for a chief so as to all the more likely deal with their group as hypotheses give information about how to act and help change the conduct. Hypotheses additionally give a typical structure and thought regarding rehearses. Over some undefined time frame the motivation behind work and the manner in which the work is led is changing in the association. The administration styles must be changed in like manner. Minor says that the more that is thought about association and their techniques for activity, the better the odds of managing them. Comprehension might be further developed than expectation, however both give the chance to impact or to deal with what's to come. Hypothesis gives a sound premise to activity. Consequently, a comprehension of the board hypotheses and information about association are significant for a director to all the more likely play out their errands. Mullin in his book, Management and Organizational Behavior has followed an edge work of four fundamental ways to deal with clarify the Management Theory. The Classical Approach which underscores on the reason and formal chain of command of the board. The traditional scholars focused on improving the operational productive in an association. Brench, an old style essayist likewise gave an idea of pragmatic way to deal with association structure dependent on attempted general standards rather than the focus on explicit cases. Assessment: The traditional authors are condemned for not mulling over the character factors and for making an association structure in which individuals practice a restricted control. Likewise, giving a lot of standards to perform the executives obligations has been exposed to analysis. Two Major sub-gatherings of old style approach are : Logical Management: This idea was created by Taylor who was an adherent to the Rational-monetary necessities idea of inspiration. The accentuation of this was on acquiring expanded profitability from singular laborers through the specialized organizing of the work and giving money related impetuses as a help for more elevated levels of yield. In spite of the fact that this idea has given an approach to the board thinking and the improvement of hierarchical conduct, it was broadly condemned by laborers. Administration: This idea was characterized by Weber. H

High Stress Teens Twice as Likely to Drink or Use Drugs

High Stress Teens Twice as Likely to Drink or Use Drugs Addiction Drug Use Print Top Risk Factors for Teen Substance Abuse By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 02, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 23, 2020 Fabrice LEROUGE / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Why do some teens get involved in substance abuse while others do not? What factors or influences increase the risks that adolescents will smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, get drunk and use illegal and prescription drugs, while others go all the way through high school abstinent? To answer these questions, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University conducts a back-to-school study otherwise known as The National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse. Since 1995, this survey has attempted to identify characteristics, situations, and circumstances that increase or decrease the likelihood of teen substance abuse. From the results of several of CASAs 17 published studies, the following risk factors for increased likelihood that teens will smoke, drink or use drugs have emerged. Key Factors In one of CASAs early studies (2003), the survey found that highly stressed teens, compared to low-stressed teens are much more likely to become involved in substance abuse: High-stress teens are twice as likely to smoke, drink, get drunk and use illegal drugs.Teens who report they are frequently bored are 50% more likely to smoke, drink, get drunk and use illegal drugs.Teens with $25 or more per week in spending money are twice as likely to smoke, drink and use illegal drugs and more than twice as likely to get drunk.Teens with two or three of these factors are more than three times likely to become substance abusers.These factors affect more than half of the 12-to-17-year-olds in the U.S. Teens Begin Using Earlier Than Parents Think Teens being influenced to smoke, drink, and use drugs begins much earlier in their lives than parents would like to think, according to later CASA survey results. Average first use of alcohol is 12 years, 2 months.Average age of first smoking cigarettes is 12 years, 6 months.Average first use of marijuana is 13 years, 11 months. The survey found that between age 12 and age 17, the likelihood that a teen will smoke, drink or use illegal drugs increases seven times. During the same time, from age 12 to 17, the percentage of teens who report having friends who smoke marijuana increases 14 times. Spirituality Is a Positive Influence The CASA survey has repeatedly found that teens who attend religious services at least once a week are at significantly at lower risk of becoming involved in substance abuse. Digital Peer Pressure Teens who have seen pictures on Facebook or other social networking sites of other kids getting drunk, passed out, or using drugs are more likely to become involved in substance abuse themselves, compared to kids who have not seen such pictures. They are: Four times more likely to have used marijuanaMore than three times more likely to have used alcoholAlmost three times likelier to have used tobaccoMore than twice as likely to think theyll try drugs in the future. In addition, teens who spend significant time on social networking are: Four times more likely to be able to obtain marijuanaThree times more likely to be able to get prescription drugsTwice as likely to be able to get alcohol within a day or less Teens involved in social networks are much more likely to have friends and classmates who use illegal drugs and abuse controlled prescription drugs. Effects of High Stress Compared to teens who reported being under low stress (5 or less on a scale of 1 to 10), teens under high stress (6 or higher on a scale of 1 to 10) are significantly more likely to abuse substances: Three times more likely to have used marijuanaTwice as likely to have used alcoholTwice as likely to have used tobacco Being Home Alone at Night Teens who are sometimes left home alone overnight without adult supervision are more likely to be substance abusers, compared to teens who are never left home alone at night. Twice as likely to have used marijuanaAlmost twice as likely to have used alcoholNearly three times as likely to have used tobacco Cyberbullying Victims at Greater Risk CASAs surveys reveal that teens that experience cyberbullying are more than twice as likely to smoke, drink and use marijuana compared with teens who are not bullied. Teen Attitudes Display Greater Risks of Substance Abuse In each instance, if teens taking the survey said they agreed with the statements below, they were three times more likely to use marijuana, about twice as likely to drink alcohol, and many times more likely to smoke cigarettes: If a friend of mine uses illegal drugs, its none of my business.I should be able to do what I want with my own body.Its not a big deal to have sex with someone you dont care that much about. Parental Disapproval Is an Important Factor Throughout the years, the CASA survey found that strong parental disapproval of substance abuse is a factor in teens attitudes and behavior. Teens who say their parents would be extremely upset to find out they smoked, drank, or used marijuana were must less likely to use substances themselves or to think it is okay for their peers to use them. When children reported that their parents would not be extremely upset, however, the survey found that the parents: Eight and a half times more likely to say its okay for teens their age to use marijuana.Ten times more likely to say its okay for teens their age to get drunk.Nine times more likely to say its okay for teens their age to smoke cigarettes. Parents Need to Be on the Same Page The surveys find that it is important for parents to send a consistent and unified message to their teens about drugs and alcohol. Compared to teens whose parents completely agree with each other about substance abuse, teens whose parents dont completely agree are: 3 times more likely to use marijuana3.5 times more likely to try drugs in the futureTwice as likely to use alcohol Time after time, the CASA survey has found that parental involvement in their teens lives can play an important role in whether are not they become involved in substance abuse, especially if the parents are sensitive to the stress in their childrens lives, understand when and why they are bored, and limit and monitor their spending money. Ways That Parents Can Reduce Teen Risk According to the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, these are five ways that parents can reduce the possibility that their children will smoke, drink, get drunk or use illegal drunks before age 18: Be sensitive to the stress in teens lives and help them cope.Understand when and why teens are bored and help relieve their boredom.Limit the amount of money your teens have to spend and monitor how that money is spent.Know who your teens friends are.Be engaged in your childrens lives CASA suggests that parents can become more involved with their teens by helping them with their homework, attend their extra-curricular events, plan activities that you can do together, and talk to them about drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.

Income Inequality and Society - 1028 Words

Income Inequality’s affect on Society Income inequality is on the rise and it is evident in most cities throughout the United States. There are individuals with six to seven figure incomes and then there are individuals whose income is just enough to get by. The middle class is not as prominent as the upper and lower class. This should be the other way around. There should not be so many cities with very wealthy neighborhoods right next door to low class, rundown neighborhoods, with little middle class households. Digging deeper, 47.6% of the money in the United States belongs to individuals that receive $98,200 or more (â€Å"Distribution of U.S. family income†, 101). The middle class should be much more noticeable with the upper and lower†¦show more content†¦Putting a band-aid on this issue would not be something that just one person could do, due to checks and balances, because if the president proposes something, chances are it will be beneficial for one s ide and worse for the other. That other side, would most likely oppose it and it would not get past congress. â€Å"Congress has cut taxes on high incomes repeatedly† Robert Lieberman stated â€Å"and has relaxed the tax treatment of capital gains and other invest income, resulting in windfall profits for the wealthiest Americans† (Lieberman). Taxes are taking away the lower class’ money and making them even poorer, while the automation of industrial jobs are making the rich even richer and taking jobs from the poor. It would be much more logical if a law was put into place restricting the automation of industrial jobs. Although not one person alone can change the income gap, there are little things that could lessen the income inequality and hereby create a larger middle class . Feeding off of this, there are various ways the income gap can be changed. Bill Ryan talks about how due to robots and outsourcing of our blue-collar jobs, there are no real middle clas s jobs anymore. He also mentions that one thing that could be done to limit this is to make some kind of law preventing the outsourcing and the use of robots in middle class jobs.Show MoreRelatedWhy Is Income Inequality an Important Issue for the Chinese Society and Its Future Economic Growth?2192 Words   |  9 PagesWhy is income inequality an important issue for the Chinese society and its future economic growth? Introduction Nowadays, China has become the second largest economy in the world. The GDP (gross domestic product) of china was growing at 9.7% per year in average since 1978, which the year of Chinese â€Å"open door† politic founded. 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Swot Analysis of Walmart Essay - 2429 Words

Wal mart With around 5000 retail outlets worldwide, operating in more then a dozen countries and with over US$286 billion in annual sales, Wal-Mart is the top retail chain and number one fortune 500 company in the world. Wal-Mart is the top employer in the U.S. with 1.3 million employees, â€Å"the company accounts for 9 cents of every US retail dollar and sells around 20 per cent of the nation’s groceries and pharmaceuticals.† (Times News Network). Wal-Mart’s sheer size gives it unrestrained economic power which allows it to drive down costs in the retail and manufacturing sectors and to enact its own standards with regards to its work force. Facts about Wal-Mart and China * It is important to understand that there is a huge difference†¦show more content†¦Many reports have been written documenting the economic and eventual social and environmental degradation which occurs when Wal-Mart â€Å"comes to town†. â€Å"Over the course of [a few years after Wal-Mart entered a community], retailers sales of men’s and boys apparel dropped 44% on average, hardware sales fell by 31%, and lawn and garden sales fell by 26%. In towns without Wal-Marts that are close to towns with Wal-Marts, sales in general merchandise declined immediately after Wal-Mart stores opened. After ten years, sales declined by a cumulative 34%.† [Kenneth Stone at Iowa State University, â€Å"Impact of the Wal-Mart Phenomenon on Rural Communities†]. Wal-Mart and India †¢ Wal-Mart is seeking to open its own retail chain throughout India. †¢ Indias $250 billion retail business is the eighth largest in the world and has the potential to grow 7 per cent by 2011. [McKinsey Report] For a company already dominating the world markets, this is an un-passable opportunity. †¢ The owners of Wal-Mart stand to gain enormous profits from this move while India’s economy will suffer and its workers will be subjugated to the unfair work practices of this Multinational Behemoth SWOT Analysis Wal-Mart Strength * Wal-Mart is a powerful retail brand. It has a reputation for value forShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis for Walmart1637 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT Analysis for Walmart Fay Stewart MGT/521 February 1, 2012 Audrey Ellison A SWOT analysis looks at the strengths and weaknesses of a company and the opportunities and threats. When used in business it can help a company carve a sustainable niche in the market. A SWOT analysis can be a powerful tool that can assist a company in uncovering opportunities that they can exploit. 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Industries served Retail Geographic areas served Worldwide Headquarters Bentonville, US Current CEO Mike Duke Read MoreWalmart Swot Analysis : Walmart Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesWALMART ANALYSIS 1 WALMART ANALYSIS 5 Business Process Management Hieu Le Columbia Southern University Walmart Analysis Walmart is the largest supply chain in the world which distributes different products of multiple firms. For the last fifteen years, Walmart has grown significantlyRead MoreSwot Analysis : Walmart Inc.1968 Words   |  8 PagesWalmart is a company that most people have heard of; it is one of the largest retail corporations with 11,527 retail units as of 29 February 2016, 4,573 within the United States, 651 Sam’s clubs, and 6,303 Walmart internationals.(â€Å"Our Locations,† n.d.) This report aims to take a brief look at the Walmart Corporation; it’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats along with an environmental analysis, five forces analysis and a look at strategy formation. Company Background: The History of WalmartRead MoreWalmart Swot Analysis1483 Words   |  6 PagesStrength Walmart is the largest retail chain in the world wide and has most of its business resident in the United States. The shares size and corresponding volumes that it needs to purchase to stock its stores gives it the bargaining power to negotiate lower wholesale prices. This translates into being able to deliver low prices to its customers. The company has been in business for several years and has become a trusted brand and a household name. The size of the company has also allowed it to

Student of the Year Free Essays

WEDDINGS IN THE UAE Every nation has its own way of celebrating their festivals or personal occasions. These anniversaries are indeed very essential and important in the culture of every country in the world. Some people have different ways of celebrating their rituals and their dear parties. We will write a custom essay sample on Student of the Year or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the UAE, for example weddings have another different story. Have you ever asked your grandparents about their wedding? Weddings were different in the UAE in the past. In the days before the discovery of oil, the majority of people didn’t have much money and they lived in smaller towns and villages where everyone knew every other. Unlike today when a wedding is a very expensive party for one day, weddings in the past often lasted for many days and the whole community took part in them. One day I asked my curved back and toothless grandmother about how she got married from my grandfather. Her cracked face smiled and produced a laughing sound . She didn’t hesitate to answer me with pleasure as I am Some people who are 80 years old now remember when a dowry cost Dh 60 and Dh 40 would pay for a whole wedding. The family of the bride and her women neighbors made the wedding dress in a tent near her house , In the past , these dresses were very colorful and were sewn with a hand . It took several days to sew the bride’s clothes, so women had a chance to visit. They often sang while they worked. When they the clothes were ready, they perfumed the clothes with incense and then stored the clothes in a wooden trunk. Then as now, henna decorations were very important for a beautiful bride. The groom’s family prepared the place for the couple to live . The mother of the groom even made a cradle so that when the couple had their first child , the baby’s bed would be all ready. A tailor made the groom’s colored kandoora. Even the man wore henna sometimes in the past. Food was as important in the past as it is now. However, in the past, the families got together to make large amounts of rice and meat that were served at the wedding. Since houses were smaller in the past, weddings were often held outdoors in small tents and both men and women attended them. The men danced and the women sang old songs about love and happiness. Wedding traditions change with time. Recently, more people have chosen to have their wedding parties in traditional tents set up near the houses instead of having them at luxury hotels . Some young Emiratis prefer to have their weddings in tents because it makes them feel more committed to heritage and traditions and it helps them save money and feel more private. Tent dealers are very happy with the increase in their business. On tent dealers once said more than 50% of their clients have been UAE nationals who have hire tents for their weddings . Another company said that they charge 25,000 Dhs for tents with full service for 1000 guests. It is a recent habit to have wedding parties in a 5-star hotel. A lot of neighbors and relatives could not attend the wedding if it was in a hotel. How to cite Student of the Year, Essay examples

Judicial Precedent free essay sample

Process whereby judges are required to follow the rules of law established in previous cases decide by courts of equal status or higher where the legal principle established is the same and the facts or points of law are sufficiently similar every court is In England and Wales the courts operate a very rigid doctrine of precedent which has the effect that bound by the decisions made by courts above it in the hierarchy and in general courts are bound by their own past decisions. The doctrine of Precedent is the process whereby judges should follow previous decisions in similar cases to help maintain a degree of consistency in the way the law is applied in similar cases. It is based on the maxim â€Å"stare decisis† which means stand by what has been decided. donoghue v Stevenson followed in grant v Australian knitting mills. The Ratio Decidendi (reasons for deciding) is the only binding part of a judge’s decision but how judges interpret this can vary thus changing the impact it can have on future decisions Other than ratio decidendi there can be other comments by judges,The obiter dicta (things said by the way) here the judge speculate the outcome of the cases had the facts of the case been different. We will write a custom essay sample on Judicial Precedent or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page in the original case it is merely persuasive because it was not strictly relevant to the case before them Apart from the Obiter dicta there are other forms of persuasive precedent which although are not binding can still have an impact on the decisions of judges e. . decisions of courts lower in the hierarchy. An example of this is in RvR (marital rape) where the HoL followed a decision made by the Court of Appeal and effectively created a new crime deciding that rape could be committed in marriage. The court hierarchy plays a big part in deciding which decisions have more weight. Though the rules of precedent are applied rigidly and don’t appear to allow scope for creativity, there are ways in which the doctrine of precedent can be avoided ‘thus allowing judges to create new law. There are four main ways in which courts can avoid precedent: * The HoL use of the practice statement The 1966 Practice Statement allows the HoL to change the law if they believe that an earlier case was wrongly decided. They have the flexibility to refuse to follow an earlier case â€Å"when it appears right to do so†, thus extending the power of the Law Lords (at least in theory) to create law. Though it is not used often it can have a major effect throughout the legal system e. g. hen Caldwell overulled Cunninghum to make subjective recklessness the only acceptable recklessness in English Law. * The exceptions in Young’s Case for the Court of Appeal The court of Appeal is normally bound by its own previous decisions. This rule comes from the case of Young v Bristol Aero plane Co. Ltd. But that case did allow for 3 exceptions where the Court of Appeal need not follow it’s own past decisions. Where: 1. There are conflicting decisions in past Court of Appeal case s, the court can choose which one it will follow and which one it will reject 2. There is a decision of the HoL which effectively overrules a Court of Appeal decision; the court of appeal must follow the decision of the HoL. However it is more like an obligation rather than a scope to disregard any decision. 3. The decision was made per incurium ie carelessly or by mistake because a relevant act of Parliament or other regulation has not been considered by the court The first two exceptions do not give the Court of Appeal any power to change or create law; it is only the last exception (per incuriam) that gives a very small degree of flexibility to correct errors. The extra exception for the Court of Appeal(criminal division) The criminal division as well as using the exceptions from Young’s case can also refuse to follow a past decision of its own if the law has been ‘misapplied’ or ‘misunderstood’. This exception is not often used but it does give the court of appeal the power to alter law when it is necessary. * Distinguishing (which can be used by all courts) This is a method which can be used by a judge to avoid following a past decision which he would otherwise have to follow. It means that the judge finds that the material facts of the case he is deciding sufficiently different for him to draw a distinction between the present case and the previous precedent. He is then not bound by the previous case. This way of changing precedent can be used by a judge in at any level of court. a precedent can also be avoided by overruling and reversing. Overruling is a way of correcting mistakes of lower courts. a higher court in a different later case can set aside a legal ruling established in a previous case. reversing is the overturning of a decision of a lower court by a higher court on appeal. Judicial Precedent free essay sample In order for the system of judicial precedent to work, there must be rules for judges to follow to make sure that there is consistency in the law. One way of doing this is to have a system on hierarchy, where decisions (judgements) in the superior courts bind those of the inferior court. Some courts are bound by their own previous decisions. In England and Wales our courts operate a very rigid doctrine of judicial precedent which has the effect that: every court is bound to follow any decision made by a court above it in the hierarchy; and in general, appellate courts are bound by their own past decisions Activity: Which courts come where in the hierarchy? Civil CasesCriminal Cases The European Court of Justice The ECJ is not part of the English court structure. It does not hear national cases. Under Article 234 of the treaty of Rome 1957, an English court may refer a point of European law to the ECJ for interpretation. We will write a custom essay sample on Judicial Precedent or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This interpretation is binding on all courts in the European Union – All courts must then follow this point of law. The ECJ is not bound by itself. House of Lords/Supreme Court The Supreme Court is the most senior court in England and Wales. Its decisions bind all other courts in the English legal system. The Supreme Court is not bound by its own past decisions, although it will generally follow them. The House of Lords was replaced by the Supreme Court from 1st October 2009. The Supreme Court will exercise the same jurisdiction as the House of Lords and the Law Lords will take office as Justices of the Supreme Court. Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal is bound by the decisions of the Supreme Court. It is also bound by its own previous decisions. However, the case of Young v Bristol Aeroplane (1944) set out three exceptions when the Court can depart from its own previous decisions. High Court The High Court has two roles. It is a court of first instance and an appeal court. Has 3 divisions – Family Division, Chancery Division and the Queen’s Bench Division – each of these three divisions has its own Divisional Court. Lower courts and the High Court itself are bound by decisions made in appeal cases in the Divisional courts of the High Court – the Young v Bristol Aeroplane rule still applies though. First instance decisions of he High Court must be followed by the lower courts, but not other High Court judges, although they are highly persuasive. Crown Court, County Court Magistrates Court The inferior courts are not bound by their own decisions, nor do they bind other courts. This is because they do not make precedents; they just apply the precedents set by the higher courts. Activity: Complete the table below outlining the courts and precedent Court Court bound by it Courts it must follow European Court Supreme Court Court of Appeal Divisional Courts High Court Crown Court County Court and Magistrates’ Court do not create precedent and are bound by all higher courts What is the difference between ratio decidendi and obiter dicta? What does a judgement contain? The judgment is a speech made by the judge giving (4 things): A summary of the facts A review of the legal arguments, i. e. the summary of the relevant law The reasoning for the decision (in appeal and civil cases) : the principles of law used – the ratio and obiter The decision itself (also in appeal and civil cases) What does Ratio decidendi mean? Reason for the decision: ratio for short NB not the decision itself but the reason for making it Sir Rupert Cross: Any rule expressly or impliedly treated by the judge as a necessary step in reaching his conclusion It is the ratio that creates/is the precedent for judges in the future to follow It depends on the level of the court making the decision as to whether the ratio has to be followed by a later court (a binding precedent) or whether it merely has to be considered by that court. What does Obiter dicta mean? The remainder of the judgement is called obiter dicta (other things said) and judges in future cases do not have to follow it. Sometimes a judge will speculate on what his decision would have been if the facts had been different. This hypothetical situation is part of the obiter dicta and the legal reasoning put forward in it may be considered in future cases, although as with all obiter statements it is not binding precedent. Types of Precedent There are two types of precedent: Binding persuasive A binding precedent is the part of a judgement that other judges have to follow. The ratio decidendi (reason for deciding) made by a judge high enough in the hierarchy will bind future decisions of other judges. What is a binding precedent? A precedent from an earlier case which must be followed Even if the judge in the later case does not agree with it But the facts in the later case must be sufficiently similar to those in the earlier case And the earlier case must have been decided by a court which was senior/superior to or possibly at the same level as the later court What is a persuasive precedent? A persuasive precedent need not be followed, but it may be helpful to a judge making a decision. If a judge decides to follow a past decision that was not binding, the decision is said to be persuaded. Persuasive precedents include: How precedent works? Follow If the material facts of a case are significantly similar to an existing precedent, the judge should always follow the previous decision. Overrule A superior court may overrule the decision of a court below it and therefore change the law. Pepper v Hart (1992) Reverse A superior court may change the outcome of a case from a lower court based on the same law, e. g. the Crown Court applies the existing law and finds the defendant guilty, whereas the Court of Appeal finds the person not guilty when applying the same law. Distinguish If the facts of a case are significantly different from the facts of an earlier case, the judge does not have to follow the precedent that is already established. Balfour v Balfour (1919) Practice Statements The House of Lords used to be completely bound by its own decisions unless the decision had been made in error. Why do you think that this might have been a problem? What would the consequences of the House of Lords not being able to overrule its own decisions have been? In 1966, the House of Lords passed the Practice Statement, which allows it to change one of its previous decisions when it appears ‘right to do so’, e. g. R v Howe (1987) overruled DPP v Lynch (1973), and R v Shivpuri overruled Anderton v Ryan (1985). Key Facts 1898 House of Lords decides in the case of London Tramways that it is bound to follow its own previous decisions 1966 Issue of the Practice Statement. House of Lords will depart from previous decisions when â€Å"it is right to do so† 1968 First use of Practice Statement in Conway v Rimmer (1968) 1980s and 1990s House of Lords shows an increasing willingness to use the Practice Statement to overrule previous decisions In Austin v London Borough of Southwark (2010), the Supreme Court confirmed that the power to use the Practice Statement had been transferred to them. Law Reporting It is essential for judges to research decided cases before they make a decision in case a precedent binds them. Therefore, it is important that all cases are well documented. Law reporting became more comprehensive and systematic when the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting was established in 1865. It is responsible for a series of reports known as the Appeal Cases (AC), which covers cases from the House of Lords, Court of Appeal and all three divisional courts of the High Court. It publishes a weekly law report. There are still private law reports – All England Law Reports – published by Buttersworth since 1936 Some are published in the media – The Times, Guardian, Independent. Journals – New Law Journal, Law Society Gazette Records of decisions are also kept online – LEXIS, JUSTIS, WestLaw Activity: Finding Law Reports Search at least one website and find a recent law report. You might want to use the following sites. www. lawreports. co. uk – the daily notes section gives summaries of recent important cases www. supremecourt. gov. uk – this has reports of Supreme Court judgements www. parliament. uk – this has reports of the House of Lords judgements for 1996 to 2009 www. bailii. org – this has cases for the High Court and the Court of Appeal Please provide a brief summary of the report you have found/researched. What were the facts of the case? Can you find the ratio decidendi? Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Certainty: Because the courts follow past decisions people know what the law is and how it is likely to be applied in their case; it allows lawyers to advise clients on the likely outcome of their cases Rigidity: The fact that the lower courts have to follow the decisions of higher courts together with the fact that the Court of Appeal has to follow its own decisions can make the law too inflexible so that bad decisions made in the past continue to be followed. There is the added problem that so few cases go to the Supreme Court. Change in the law will only take place if parties have the courage, the persistence and money to appeal their case Consistency and fairness in the law: It is seen as just and fair that similar cases should be decided in a similar way. The law must be consistent. Complexity: Since there are nearly half a million reported cases it is not easy to find all the relevant case law. Another problem is the judgements themselves which are often very long with no clear distinction between comments and the reasons for the decision. This makes it difficult in some cases to extract the ratio decidendi; indeed in Dodd’s Case (1973) the judges in the Court of Appeal were unable to find the ratio in a decision by the House of Lords Precision: As the principles of law are set out in actual cases the law becomes very precise; it is well illustrated and gradually builds up through the different variations of facts in the cases that come before the courts Illogical distinctions: The use of distinguishing to avoid past decisions can lead to â€Å"hair splitting† so that some areas of the law have become very complex. The differences between some cases may be very small and appear illogical Flexibility: There is room for the law to change as the Supreme Court can use the practice statement to overrule cases. The use of distinguishing also gives all courts some freedom to avoid decisions and develop the law Slowness of growth: Judges are well aware that some areas of the law are unclear or in need of reform, however they cannot make a decision unless there is a case to be decided. This is one of the criticisms of the need for the Court of Appeal to follow its own previous decisions as only about 50 cases go to the Supreme Court each year. There may be a long wait for a suitable case to be appealed as afar as the Supreme Court Time-saving: Precedent can be considered a useful time-saving device. Where a principle has been established, cases with similar facts are unlikely to go through the lengthy process of litigation Test Yourself 1) The court of appeal has to follow decisions of courts above it in the hierarchy. Which courts are these?